The Historical and Legal Succession of the Duchy of Alvito:
Dynastic Continuity, Genealogical Legitimacy, and International Recognition of the House of Gonzaga Trivulzio Galli, Princes of Mesolcina, Dukes of Alvito
This study offers a comprehensive historical and juridical analysis of the Duchy of Alvito, a title originally elevated by King Philip II of Spain in 1596 from the ancient County of Alvito into a perpetual hereditary duchy. Building upon the sovereign confirmations of Philip III (1606), Emperor Charles VI (1713), and King Charles of Naples (1740), the work demonstrates the unbroken dynastic transmission of the title within the House of Galli and, through its lawful fusion with the Trivulzio, within the Gonzaga Trivulzio Galli line.
Through a careful examination of primary sources—such as the Les Souverains du Monde (1734), the Annuaire de la Noblesse de France (1896), the records of the Senate of Milan, and archival holdings in Milan and Mesolcina—the research refutes allegations of extinction and establishes the continuity of the family’s rights. It further contrasts the original ducal creation with the ephemeral concession granted to the Vera d’Aragona family in 1899–1941, demonstrating that the latter was a strictly personal and temporary honor which expired with the death of Maria Dolorita Proto Carafa in 1941.
In addition to tracing the succession of the Dukes of Alvito, the study also documents the network of subsidiary titles—such as the Marquisates of Scaldasole, Isola, and Balbiano, the County of the Tre Pievi, and the Papal princely and marquisate honors (Prince of Canterano, Marquis of Viminale, Flaminio, Porta Angelica)—which collectively reinforced the prestige and authority of the House across Southern Italy, Lombardy, and Rome.
A unique aspect of this work is its attention to contemporary legal frameworks. By invoking the authority of the Brazilian Arbitral Sentence (2023), which recognized the hereditary rights of the House, and its enforceability under the New York Convention on Arbitral Awards (1958), the study establishes that the legitimacy of the Duchy of Alvito is not merely historical, but also juridically recognized in the present.
Ultimately, this research concludes that the Duchy of Alvito remains lawfully vested in the House of Gonzaga Trivulzio Galli. The present holder, His Serene Highness Prince Andrea III Giangiacomo Gonzaga Trivulzio Galli, 18th Prince of Mesolcina and 21st Duke of Alvito, embodies both the historical continuity and the modern juridical recognition of this illustrious title.
By combining genealogy, legal history, and international law, this work provides a rare and authoritative contribution to the study of European nobility, dynastic legitimacy, and the endurance of hereditary institutions into the twenty-first century.
Author: Prof. Giulia BARONE (La Sapienza University of Rome)
Biographical Note:
Prof. Giulia BARONE was Professor of Medieval History at La Sapienza – Università di Roma from 1983 until her retirement in 2017, and a member of the doctoral faculty in Medieval History at the University of Florence from 1988 onward. She held a degree in History from La Sapienza (1970), where she studied under Arsenio Frugoni and Raoul Manselli, and obtained a diploma in Paleography, Diplomatics, and Archival Studies at the Vatican School. A distinguished medievalist and paleographer, she was internationally recognized for her studies on religious life, sainthood, and the political and social history of medieval Rome.
Prof. Barone served on the scientific board of the Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo (ISIME) and on the council of the Società Romana di Storia Patria. She authored and edited numerous influential works, including Roma medievale (Laterza, multiple editions), Le Gesta di Innocenzo III (with A. Paravicini Bagliani), and Roma devota (with A. Esposito and C. Frova, 2024). Her scholarship combined rigorous documentary analysis with a broad vision of medieval religious culture, making her a central figure in the field both in Italy and abroad.
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